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Mixed-member proportional representation, also termed ''mixed-member proportional voting'' and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is a voting system originally used to elect representatives to the German Bundestag, which has also been adopted by New Zealand, Lesotho, and Romania. MMP is a hybrid method that uses party list PR as its proportional component, and currently (but not necessarily) FPTP as its district component. It is considered a mixed system (also known as a hybrid system or a semi-proportional representation system), which is a distinct voting system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/default )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ifes.org/publications/electoral-systems-and-delimitation-constituencies )〕 Mixed member proportional representation (MMP), also called the additional member system (AMS), is a hybrid, two-tier, system combining a non-proportional district election (currently but not necessarily on a single-winner basis) and a compensatory regional or national party list PR one. MMP is similar to forms of proportional representation (PR) in that the overall total of party members in the elected body is intended to mirror the overall proportion of votes received; it differs by including a set of members elected by geographic constituency who are deducted from the party totals so as to maintain overall proportionality. MMP is similar to the additional member system used in some parts of the United Kingdom, which has no overhang seats or balance seats and consequently is not perfectly proportional. Voters have two votes, one for their single-member district and one for the party list, the party list vote determining the balance of the parties in the elected body. Biproportional apportionment, first used in Zurich in 2006, is a hybrid method for adjusting an election's result to achieve overall proportionality. A further system produces near perfect proportionality by dispensing with voting altogether: the random selection of representatives from the populace, known as sortition. It was used in ancient Athens and the Venetian Republic and is still used today in the summons to jury duty. In recent years, it has received increasing academic attention. In Germany, where it is used on the federal level and on most state levels, MMP is known as personalized proportional representation (''personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht''). In Quebec, where an MMP model was studied in 2007, it is called the ''compensatory mixed-member'' voting system (''système mixte avec compensation'' or SMAC). ==MMP in the broader family of voting systems== Most experts group electoral systems into 3 general categories: * PR systems; * mixed member systems; and * plurality/majority or single-winner systems; 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Systems and Their Consequences )〕 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/default )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ifes.org/publications/electoral-systems-and-delimitation-constituencies )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mixed-member proportional representation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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